Market monitors - International Council on Clean Transportation https://theicct.org/series/market-monitors/ Independent research to benefit public health and mitigate climate change Wed, 21 Aug 2024 11:53:20 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.6.1 https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/favicon-150x150.png Market monitors - International Council on Clean Transportation https://theicct.org/series/market-monitors/ 32 32 Race to zero: Zero-emission bus and truck market in China in 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/r2z-zero-emission-hdv-china-2023-aug24/ Wed, 21 Aug 2024 04:01:46 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=45469 Presents an overview of the 2023 market for new zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles in China

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Sales and market share

This spotlight presents an overview of the 2023 market for new zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles (ZE-HDVs) in China, covering buses, heavy and medium rigid trucks, and tractor-trailers above 3.5 metric tons.

In 2023, total sales of ZE-HDVs decreased by 2% to 110,400 units, down from 113,000 units in 2022. New sales of ZE buses contracted, while those of ZE trucks increased. Meanwhile, the overall HDV market in China grew by 15% in 2023 compared with sales in 2022. The resulting market share of new ZE-HDVs in 2023 was 8%, compared with 9% in 2022. Despite this slight decrease for HDVs, the overall sales share of zero-emission commercial vehicles, including light-commercial vehicles, continued to increase.

Figure 1. Sales of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles in China from 2011 to 2023

The ZE market share varied across HDV segments. Buses remained the segment with the highest ZE penetration, at 17%; city buses accounted for 83% of ZE buses, while coaches comprised the remaining 17%. Dump trucks followed with a 10% ZE market share. Compared with 2022, tractor-trailers experienced the largest growth in ZE sales at 42%, followed by utility vehicles at 41%. Among ZE utility vehicles, sanitation vehicles and refrigerated trucks had the highest EV market shares with 25% and 11%, respectively.

🔍 Click on the figures to take a closer look at the data

Figure 2. Zero-emission sales share of heavy-duty vehicles by segment, 2023

Notes: Percentages under the green circles refer to the market share of ZE-HDVs within each segment and correspond to the secondary axis. Percentage values below the columns refer to each segment’s share of total HDVs sold in 2023.

In 2023, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), swap-capable BEVs, and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) comprised 80%, 14%, and 6% of new ZE-HDV sales, respectively. Sales of swap-capable BEVs and FCEVs reached 15,200 and 7,200 units, respectively— increases of 27% and 57% from 2022. BEVs remained the primary technology pathway for buses, rigid trucks, and utility vehicles, and swap-capable BEVs remained the leading technology for dump trucks and tractor-trailers.

The largest deployments of swap-capable BEVs and FCEVs were in the tractor-trailer segment, driven by increased adoption of these technologies for longer distance travel and a 2020 performance rating policy requiring low-emission transportation for 80% of bulk materials in select regions for pollution control (see “Definitions, data sources, methodology, and assumptions”). Approximately 92% of FCEV tractor-trailers and 64% of swap-capable BEV tractor-trailers were sold in regions covered by this provision. The ZE-HDV utility segment saw growing shares of swap-capable BEVs (10% of ZE utility vehicle sales, from 7% in 2022) and FCEVs (9%, from 8%). Concrete mixer trucks led among swap-capable BEVs in the utility segment, while refrigerated and insulated trucks led among utility FCEVs.

Figure 3. Sales by zero-emission technology, 2023

Note: Values are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Manufacturers

In the ZE bus and truck markets, the top ten manufacturers accounted for 82% and 72% of total sales, respectively. Among bus manufacturers, King Long (20% of total ZE bus sales) and Yutong (17%) remained the leaders by a wide margin. King Long also led in fuel cell electric bus sales, followed by Zhongtong. In the ZE truck segment, Geely led in overall sales, followed by Dongfeng and Foton. While most leading ZE truck manufacturers adopted a combination of technologies, Geely’s sales were nearly all BEVs. Yutong led in FCEV sales, while XCMG led in swap-capable BEV sales.

Figure 4. Top ten zero-emission bus and truck manufacturers, 2023

Note: Data labels show market share of each manufacturer among total sales in each vehicle segment.

Cities

In 2023, 39% of battery electric bus sales and 53% of battery electric truck sales were concentrated in the top ten cities, by sales, for each segment. Shenzhen, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Beijing ranked among the top ten cities in terms of sales in both vehicle categories. Cities in China have deployed various strategies to accelerate zero-emission truck uptake. For instance, since 2021, Tangshan—which has major ports and is a hub for the iron and steel industries—has been a pilot city in the national program for developing swap-capable trucks. Chengdu has promoted the adoption of ZE engineering and dump trucks through such means as preferential road access. Six of the top 10 cities for ZE bus and truck sales are in regions subject to the pollution control measures noted above.

Figure 5. Top ten cities in sales of battery electric buses and trucks, 2023.

Note: Data labels show the market share of each city in national sales of battery electric buses (left) and trucks (right). There were no swap-capable battery electric bus sales in 2023.

The ten cities with the highest fuel-cell electric bus and truck sales in 2023 accounted for 75% and 68% of each market, respectively. In 2020, the national government launched a pilot program for the demonstration of FCEVs in cities; five city clusters—Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hebei, and Henan—have since been selected for the initiative. In 2023, six of the top 10 cities for fuel-cell electric bus sales and eight of the top 10 cities for fuel-cell electric truck sales were part of these FCEV pilot clusters. Among non-pilot cities, Jining and Jinan, the second- and third-largest fuel-cell electric bus markets, are both in Shandong Province, which has been a demonstration province for research and application of hydrogen since 2021. Jinan is also home to the headquarters of CNHTC (also known as Sinotruk), a major HDV and ZE-HDV manufacturer. The top four cities for fuel-cell electric truck sales remained the same as in 2022.

Figure 6. Top ten cities in sales of fuel-cell electric buses and trucks, 2023

Note: Data labels show the market share of each city in national sales of fuel-cell electric buses (left) and trucks (right).

Battery technology and performance metrics

Key metrics

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) remained the dominant battery chemistry in the ZE-HDV industry in 2023, representing 99.9% of battery capacity in new ZE-HDV sales, a slight increase from 99.4% in 2022. The remaining 0.1% comprised lithium-ion manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries produced by smaller battery suppliers.

The battery supplier market continued to consolidate in 2023. Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Ltd. (CATL)’s market share grew from 79% in 2022 to 87% in 2023. Correspondingly, the market share of smaller suppliers decreased. Vehicle manufacturers such as Yutong and XCMG predominantly sourced from one battery supplier, while others such as CNHTC and Dongfeng sourced from a variety of suppliers.

Figure 7. Zero-emission HDV battery chemistry, battery supplier, and manufacturer sourcing of batteries in 2023

Notes: Width of links is proportional to each battery technology’s relative share of battery capacity in new ZE-HDVs sold in 2023. Figure made using data from top vehicle models by 2023 sales, which accounted for over 75% of new vehicle sales in 2023.

The sales-weighted average battery capacity of new ZE-HDVs was 192 kWh; tractor-trailers had the largest average capacity (335 kWh) and rigid trucks the smallest (88 kWh). Meanwhile, due to their high energy consumption, tractor-trailers had the shortest range (253 km) while buses had the longest (484 km). The sales-weighted average battery capacity and range of buses were nearly unchanged from 2022, while all other segments saw an increase in both in 2023. Specific energy varied modestly by segment, ranging from 148 Wh/kg for rigid trucks to 158 Wh/kg for dump trucks, with a sales-weighted average of 153 Wh/kg across all vehicle categories. Utility vehicles saw a slight increase in energy consumption compared to 2022; little year-on-year change in energy consumption was observed in other segments.

Figure 8. Sales-weighted average type-approved battery capacity, range, specific energy, and energy consumption by segment, 2023

Notes: Reference lines and corresponding data labels show the sales-weighted average for all ZE-HDVs. A sales-weighted average reference line is not shown for energy consumption, which is largely determined by vehicle weight. Values are rounded to two significant digits for energy consumption and three for all other metrics.

Battery swapping technology

Swap-capable BEVs reached a 14% penetration rate in new ZE-HDV sales in 2023. As of June 2023, there were about 400 battery swapping stations for trucks in China.

Figure 9. Monthly zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle- sales by technology, 2023

Notes: White data labels indicate average monthly swap-capable HDV market shares. The grey reference line and corresponding data label indicate average annual swap-capable vehicle market share.

Across all segments, swap-capable BEVs displayed lower ranges and higher per-kilometer energy consumption than their non-swap-capable BEV counterparts. Moreover, with the exception of utility vehicles, BEVs had higher battery capacity than swap-capable BEVs across all vehicle categories. These differences are in part due to the different use cases for the two technologies. Concrete mixers and garbage trucks—heavy vehicles that require large batteries and high energy consumption—accounted for almost 95% of new swap-capable utility vehicles in 2023. Only about 22% of new battery electric utility vehicles were used for purposes that consume more energy than either of these two applications.

Swap-capable trucks usually have lower specific energy than their BEV counterparts. This can be attributed to the energy penalty associated with the weight of the frame surrounding the battery, which is relatively higher for smaller, swap-capable batteries. The slightly higher specific energy for swap-capable BEVs in segments other than rigid trucks reflects the use of BEVs in a greater range of applications requiring comparatively lower specific energy than swap-capable BEVs.

Figure 10. Comparison of sales-weighted average battery capacity, nominal range, specific energy, and energy consumption of battery electric and swap-capable heavy-duty vehicles in 2023

Note: Data labels show percent difference compared to BEVs.

Looking beyond 2023

The ZE-HDV market in China has experienced significant growth, bolstered by evolving regulatory initiatives designed to sustain and accelerate the uptake of ZE buses and trucks. Existing policies such as the broader performance requirements in the 2023 Clean Diesel Action Plan and national pilot programs to electrify public sector vehicles and promote swap-capable trucks in Baotao, Tangshan, and Yibin and to accelerate FCEV uptake in various cities will continue to drive ZE HDV market growth. As policymakers consider new regulations, such as the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s heavy-duty new energy vehicle credit system and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment’s China 7 emission standards for HDVs, there is an opportunity to build upon past successes and drive the market beyond what current incentives and policies have achieved.
Definitions, data sources, methodology, and assumptions

A zero-emission vehicle is any vehicle whose propulsion system produces zero combustion emissions, such as a dedicated battery-electric, fuel-cell electric, or other motor that is not driven by combustion.

A heavy-duty vehicle is a commercial vehicle intended for the transport of passengers or freight with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes.

Utility vehicles are vehicles mostly designed for specific purposes, such as sanitation, refrigeration, and engineering.

Regions covered by the 2020 performance rating policy include the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Henan, and Shaanxi, and the cities of Beijing and Tianjin. The 2023 Clean Diesel Action Plan expands this policy to other regions, with a bulk material low-emission transportation requirement of 70%.

Data sources: Sales data for 2023 were provided by Gasgoo. The sales data exclude imports and exports. Imported HDVs would account for around 1% of HDV sales in 2023, assuming all imports were sold in 2023. Import data are from the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China, http://stats.customs.gov.cn/. Battery chemistry and supplier data are from Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s new energy vehicle purchase tax exemption catalogue, while type-approved range, battery capacity, and specific energy are from the Ministry ‘s Product Catalogue of Recommended Models for the Promotion and Adoption of New Energy Vehicles. Type-approved energy consumption is calculated from range and battery capacity. The number of battery swapping stations for trucks is from Tsinghua University’s Institute for Internet Industry, “Battery swapping standardization helps the development of China’s electric vehicle industry [blog post],” June 25, 2023, https://www.iii.tsinghua.edu.cn/info/1131/3464.htm.

 

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]]> Race to Zero: European Heavy Duty Vehicle Market Development Quarterly (January – March 2024) https://theicct.org/publication/race-to-zero-eu-hdv-market-development-q1-2024-june24/ Thu, 20 Jun 2024 22:30:51 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=43563 Analyzes manufacturers’ market readiness to develop and deploy zero-emission trucks and buses in Europe.

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Summary

In the first quarter of 2024, the market for zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) grew considerably, despite a contraction in overall HDV sales of 9% compared to the first quarter of 2023. The sales share of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) increased in all three segments—heavy trucks, light and medium trucks, and buses and coaches— compared to the first quarter of 2023. Germany continued to lead in zero-emission HDV sales, accounting for 40% of all sales in the EU-27.

Zero-emission heavy trucks represented more than a 1% share of the market, up from 0.5% at the end of the first quarter in 2023. In the light and medium segment, zero-emission vehicles made up more than 8% of sales in the first quarter of 2024, up from 6% at the end of the first quarter in 2023. Similarly, zero-emission buses accounted for 12% of bus and coach sales in the first quarter of 2024, up from less than 5% at the end of the first quarter of 2023.

Overall market developments

More than 86,000 HDVs, across all powertrain types, were sold in the EU-27 in the first quarter of 2024, a 9% decrease from the same period in 2023. Sales in the three biggest European markets—Germany (25,000), France (15,000), and Italy (9,000)—which together represented 57% of all HDV sales in the European Union (EU)—increased compared to the first quarter of 2023 (27%, 16%, and 9%, respectively), while the Spanish market shrank from 8% to 5%.

The seven top selling HDV brands in the EU represented 90% of all sales in the first quarter of 2024. Mercedes-Benz, the top selling brand (22%), consolidated its market share by an additional 1 percentage point (pp) compared to the first quarter of 2023. It was followed by MAN (15%, +<1pp), Scania (13%, +2pp), Iveco (13%, +1pp), Volvo (12%, -2pp), DAF (10%, -2pp), and Renault (7%, -1pp).

Heavy trucks represented more than 95% of the sales of brands Scania, DAF, Volvo Trucks and Renault Trucks, while IVECO proportionally sold fewer heavy trucks (47%) than light and medium commercial vehicles (35%), and buses and coaches (19%). DAF had the highest share of tractor trucks in its sales mix (74%), followed by Scania (71%) and Volvo (65%). Other manufacturers, which represent 10% of the market, sold mostly light and medium commercial vehicles (43%) as well as buses and coaches (31%).

Figure 1.2. Manufacturer market share by segment

Heavy trucks

With a gross vehicle weight above 12 tonnes

In the first quarter of 2024, heavy trucks represented 77% of all HDV sales in the EU-27. Of the 67,000 heavy trucks sold in the first quarter, 750 (1.1%) were ZEVs. This is double the share of the first quarter of 2023, when only 500 of the 77,000 (0.6%) heavy trucks sold were ZEVs.

Germany continued to lead in total share of zero-emission heavy truck sales in the EU-27 in the first quarter of 2024 with 15%; France followed with 13%. In comparison, in the first quarter of 2023, sales in Germany represented 23% of all zero-emission heavy truck sales; sales in France were 16%. In the first quarter of 2023, 10% of zero-emission heavy trucks were sold in Spain, however, sales in Spain were less than 1% of the EU-27 total in the first quarter of 2024.

Volvo Trucks continues to consolidate its leading position in the zero-emission heavy trucks market. It had a 54% share of sales in this segment in the first quarter of 2024 (compared to 44% in the first quarter of 2023). Of Volvo’s battery electric heavy trucks sales, 34% are attributable to the 4×2 FH-Series, which made up 20% of all battery electric heavy truck sales, followed by the 4×2 FM Series, which made up 12%.

Mercedes-Benz increased its conventional heavy trucks sales share by 2 percentage points in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, while its share in the zero-emission heavy truck market increased from 8% to 15% in the same period.

Light and medium commercial vehicles

With a gross vehicle weight between 3.5 tonnes and 12 tonnes

In the first quarter of 2024, 11,000 light and medium commercial vehicles were sold in the EU-27. Of these, 8% were ZEVs. There was an 8% dip in total sales compared to the first quarter of 2023, when 12,000 vehicles were sold. However, the number of ZEVs sold increased from 450 to nearly 950 in the first quarter of 2024.

In the first quarter of 2024, Germany had the most sales of zero-emission light and medium commercial vehicles (67% of sales compared to 28% in the first quarter of 2023). France had 11% of zero-emission light and medium commercial vehicle sales in the first quarter of 2024 compared to 38% in in the first quarter of 2023.

Ford continues to lead the zero-emission market in this segment, despite a shrinking market share. In the first quarter of 2024, Ford supplied 40% of all zero-emission light and medium commercial vehicles; at the end of the first quarter of 2023, Ford had supplied more than 50%. Fiat more than doubled its share of all zero-emission light and medium commercial vehicle sales in the past year, supplying 30% by the end of the first quarter of 2024 compared to 12% in the first quarter of 2023.

Buses and coaches

With a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes

Of the 8,850 urban and interurban buses and coaches sold in the first quarter of 2024, 1,100 were ZEVs, a 12% share. City bus registrations in the same quarter amounted to 3,200 units, with 1,100—or 32%—being battery electric.

In the first quarter of 2023, all city buses sold in several countries, including Denmark, Ireland, and the Netherlands, were zero-emission models. In the first quarter of 2024, 1 and 3 conventional diesel buses were sold in Denmark and the Netherlands respectively. In Ireland, diesel bus purchases increased to 40% (60% of bus purchases were battery electric). In France, the sales shares of electric, natural gas, and diesel buses in the first quarter of 2024 were closely split, with natural gas buses accounting for most registrations. In contrast, 100% of the city buses registered in Luxembourg in the first quarter of 2024 were battery electric.

Looking at key market suppliers, Mercedes- Benz increased its market share in the zero-emission bus segment from around 5% in the first quarter of 2023 to nearly 15% by the end of the first quarter of 2024.

Technology focus: Zero-emission truck purchase subsidies in the EU

Looking beyond quarterly sales

Governments can implement several types of policy measures to support the development of the ZEV market. Due to the high purchase cost of ZEVs, and because most transport operators have low access to capital, direct purchase subsidies can be an effective measure to boost ZEV sales in the early adoption phase, though this is not a sustainable long-term measure.

Table 1 details the purchase subsidy programs available for zero-emission trucks across European countries, together with relevant provisions. As of May 2024, 11 countries in the EU-27, as well as Norway and the United Kingdom, offer direct purchase subsidy schemes to transport operators. These incentives typically depend on factors including company size, vehicle type, and whether a previous vehicle has been scrapped. France has agreed on a subsidy scheme for 2024 that has not yet started as of May 2024. Notably, France and Belgium subsidize the acquisition of battery-electric vehicles only. Germany, the largest market for these vehicles within the EU-27, discontinued its subsidy program (KsNI) in February 2024, and is allocating its budget to other supporting mechanisms, including the build-out of a comprehensive charging infrastructure network.

Beyond subsidies, other financial incentives such as comprehensive tax benefits are available in countries like Belgium, Denmark, France, and Spain, which could motivate companies to invest in ZEVs. Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Hungary offer CO2– based road tolls for diesel trucks and a simultaneous exemption or reduction for zero-emission heavy vehicles, following the Eurovignette Directive. Additional sub-national subsidies may also exist.

 

Country Implementing agency Program Funding available  and time window Eligibilitya Subsidy amountb Link to more information
Austria The Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) Emissionsfreie Nutzfahrzeuge und Infrastruktur (ENIN) €365 million All zero-emission commercial vehicles (N2 and N3) Up to 80% of the list price here
Austria Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (KPC) Umweltförderung KPC NA M3, N2, N3 and specialized ZEVs Up to €130,000 here
Belgium (Flanders only) Flanders Agency for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (VLAIO) Batterij elektrische vrachtwagen

€25–€35 million for the entire

Energy premium program

 Fully electric commercial vehicles (N2 and N3) with purchase cost up to €400,000, capped at two trucks per company 24% to 32% of the purchase cost, depending on company size here
Croatia

Ministry of Environmental

Protection and EnergyEfficiency

 Program sufinanciranja elektricnih vozila 2022   All zero-emission HDVs (M2, M3, N2, N3) Up to €53,000 here
Finland

Finnish Transport and

Communications Agency (Traficom)

   €2.5 million through 2025 Hybrid vans and trucks €6,000 to €50,000 here
France

Environment and Energy

Management Agency

(ADEME)

 Appel Ă  projet

€130 million between 2024 and December 2028 (funding through energy saving

certificates)

 Battery-electric HDVs 2,100 HDVs will be funded with the available budget here
Germany Currently no purchase subsidy available (KsNI program phased out in February 2024)  
Ireland Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII)

Zero Emissions Heavy Duty

Vehicle Purchase Grant

Scheme

 €3.5 million All zero-emission HDVs (M2, M3, N2, N3) 30%– 60% of the cost differential with a baseline diesel vehicle, depending on company size here
Italy

Ministero delle

Infrastrutture e della

MobilitĂ  Sostenibili

 DPCM €20 million N2 vehicles up to and excluding 12 tons, conditional on scrapping a Euro 4 or below vehicle €14,000 here
Malta Transport Malta Scheme for more sustainable transport €15 million Eligibility determined on a case-by-case basis 40% of the selling price, capped at €70,000 per vehicle here
Netherlands Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) AanZET €45 million All zero-emission trucks (N2, N3) Up to 29% of the purchase cost or €115,200 here
Norway Enova Heavy zero-emission vehicles grant N/A, monthly support rounds starting April 15, 2024 All HDVs over 4,250 kg, competition based on the amount of support provided per kilogram of CO2 reduced Up to 60% of the cost difference compared to a diesel vehicle here
Poland

National Fund for

Environmental Protection and Water Management

 Support for the purchase or leasing of zero-emission vehicles of the N2 and N3 categories €234 million All zero-emission heavy commercial vehicles (N2, N3) 30% to 60% of purchase cost based on company size, with a limit of €88,000 (N2) to €132,000 (N3) here
Sweden Swedish Transport Agency Klimatpremien NA Electric light trucks and buses For light trucks, up to 30% of the eligible cost, not exceeding ~€4,550. For buses, 40% of the difference with the closest diesel bus for private companies and 20% for public transport authorities here
United Kingdom Department for Transport (DfT) Plug-in Van and Truck Grant (PIVG) 7.5M € through March 2025 Heavy commercial vehicles (N2, N3) emitting at least 50% less CO2 than an equivalent Euro VI vehicle and featuring a zero-emission range of 60 km, limited to vehicle models registered by OEMs Up to €29,000 for large trucks (100 grants available), up to €18,500 for light trucks (100 grants available). If grants are exhausted or a customer has exceeded their limit (10 and 5 respectively), then the large van grant of €5,800 per vehicle is awarded here
Note: There are currently no purchase subsidies available in: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, or Spain. The incentive schemes available for zero-emission HDV purchase are regularly being revisited and revised. The most up to date information can be found on the implementing agency’s website.

a N2/N3=goods vehicles with weight between 3.5 and 12 tonnes/exceeding 12 tonnes. M2/M3=buses with weight up to/exceeding 5 tonnes.

b All values are converted to Euro

Definitions, data sources, methodology, and assumptions

A zero-emission vehicle is any vehicle whose propulsion system produces zero combustion emissions, such as a dedicated battery-electric, fuel cell-electric, or other motor that is not driven by combustion. 

A heavy-duty vehicle is a commercial vehicle, intended for the transport of passengers or freight, with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tons. 

A heavy truck is a truck with a gross vehicle weight above 12 tons. 

A light and medium truck is a truck or van with a gross vehicle weight between 3.5–12 tons. 

A city bus is a passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tons that is used exclusively in urban environments. 

An interurban bus is a passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tons that is used in both urban and regional environments. 

A coach is a passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tons that is used exclusively in regional environments. 

All data on the sheets for heavy trucks, light and medium trucks, buses and coaches, and the technology focus on zero-emission vehicle manufacturers by region are supplied by Dataforce. The exception is the battery size and chemistries in Figures 1.4 and 2.4 which were derived from manufacturer websites and press releases. All countries from the EU-27, except Bulgaria, are covered here. 

*This market spotlight was updated on July 3, 2024

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]]> Electric vehicle market and policy developments in U.S. states, 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/ev-ldv-us-major-markets-monitor-2023-june24/ Tue, 04 Jun 2024 04:01:56 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=42507 This market spotlight summarizes key metrics related to electric vehicle market growth at the state level through 2023, including annual sales and sales shares, charging infrastructure deployment, state purchase incentives, and model availability.

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In 2023, sales of new electric light-duty vehicles in the United States reached about 1.4 million, up from nearly 1 million in 2022, resulting in a sales share of about 9%. Across the country, the electric vehicle market has grown at different rates in different states. This market spotlight summarizes key metrics related to electric vehicle market growth at the state level through 2023, including annual sales and sales shares, charging infrastructure deployment, state purchase incentives, and model availability.

Figure 1 summarizes electric vehicle (EV) uptake (both battery-electric and plug-in hybrid), charging infrastructure deployment, battery-electric vehicle (BEV) purchase incentives, and EV model availability in 2023 in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, ordered from highest to lowest EV sales share. Markets categorized as “ZEV states” (solid bars) have adopted California’s zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) regulations, while those marked as “non-ZEV states” (hashed bars) have not. As of the end of 2023, 17 states and the District of Columbia had adopted California’s ZEV regulations. As shown in the figure, 15 of the 20 markets with the highest electric vehicle sales shares in 2023 were all ZEV states. The top 10 markets (nine states and the District of Columbia) also had EV sales shares greater than 11% and are all ZEV states.

Figure 1. Electric vehicle sales share, charging infrastructure deployment, purchase incentives, and model availability in U.S. states and the District of Columbia, 2023

Areas with high EV sales shares tended to have a high concentration of public and workplace chargers. The 10 markets with the highest EV sales share had close to 980 public and workplace chargers per million residents, on average. All ZEV states had close to 780 chargers per million residents on average, while non-ZEV states had around 320. The top 10 markets with the highest number of chargers per million residents in 2023—California, the District of Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Massachusetts, Maryland, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Maine—have all implemented ZEV regulations. These markets also had more than 2 times as many chargers per million residents compared to the non-ZEV state average.

Figure 1 also shows that most ZEV states offered purchase incentives for BEVs, whereas non-ZEV states did not. The 10 markets with the highest EV sales shares have all adopted ZEV regulations, and nine offered BEV purchase incentives. Four of these markets also offered additional purchase incentives to low-income consumers. Fourteen of the 18 markets with ZEV regulations offered BEV purchase incentives with an average value of around $2,000. Three of the 33 non-ZEV states (Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Texas) offered purchase incentives in 2023 but these programs made only 500 to 3,000 rebates available, despite these markets being among the largest in terms of total light-duty vehicle (LDV) sales. Thus, the incentives for these three states are not shown in the figure.

Figure 2. Electric vehicle sales shares of new vehicles and model availability in U.S. states and the District of Columbia, 2023

The connection of ZEV regulations and model availability follows a similar trend. All ZEV states had, on average, 60 models available compared to 46 models in non-ZEV states. Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between state-level model availability and EV uptake for the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The bubble size is proportional to the 2023 new electric vehicle sales in each state, and the color indicates ZEV states (green) and non-ZEV states (purple). The figure shows that states with the highest number of EV models tended to have the highest EV sales and sales shares. Two thirds of ZEV states had 60 or more models available and sales shares of 7% or greater. Six of the top 10 markets by EV sales (California, New York, New Jersey, Washington, Colorado, Massachusetts), representing about 50% of U.S. electric vehicle sales, are ZEV states with 74 or more models available. The states with the fewest models available tended to have comparatively fewer EV sales and lower sales shares.

Figure 2. Electric vehicle sales shares in California, other ZEV states, and non-ZEV states, 2023

There are some exceptions to the relationships observed between ZEV regulation adoption, EV model availability, and high EV sales. Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Illinois are non-ZEV states with relatively high EV model availability. These four states are among the top six largest LDV markets in the country in terms of annual sales, and therefore are more likely to have more models available compared to states with lower annual sales. The LDV markets in these states were 11 to 22 times larger than those of Delaware, Maine, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and they had about twice the number of EV models available. Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maine, New Mexico, Rhode Island, and Vermont have adopted ZEV regulations but model availability in these states is close to the average of all states. The LDV markets in these states are relatively small and thus are more likely to have fewer EV models available than states with relatively higher populations and total LDV sales. However, compared to EV model availability in non-ZEV states with similar total LDV sales, such as Alaska, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming, these ZEV states had 1.3 to 13 times the EV sales shares of the non-ZEV states, and 1.3 to 7.5 more models available.

Overall, EV sales shares in ZEV states in 2023 were higher than non-ZEV states, as shown in Figure 3. California had the highest EV market share in 2023 with a 26.4% sales share. When California is excluded, the EV sales share of total LDV sales in ZEV states was around 12.0%, twice the percentage observed in non-ZEV states of around 6.1%.

Definitions, data sources, methodology, and assumptions

Electric vehicles (EVs): In this market spotlight, EVs include both battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

Model availability: Includes models that automakers offered in the market in 2023 with more than 20 new sales.

California’s ZEV regulations: These regulations, which can be adopted by other states via provisions in the Clean Air Act, include the Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) regulation for model years 2015–2025 and the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) regulation for model years 2026–2035. The implementation year of ZEV regulations adopted in other states varies. More information can be found on this map (https://theicct.org/viz-us-state-clean-vehicle-standards-june24) that tracks states’ adoption and implementation year of California’s ZEV regulations for light-duty and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles.

Data sources: Electric vehicle sales information is taken from the Alliance for Automotive Innovation’s Electric Vehicle Sales Dashboard, https://www.autosinnovate. org/EVDashboard. Public and workplace charger data is from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator run by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center, https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/find/nearest. Purchase incentive data also comes from the Alternative Fuels Data Center, https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/state. Estimated 2023 population information for each state is sourced from the U.S. Census Bureau, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/state/totals/. Model availability data is from the Automakers Dashboard, part of Atlas Public Policy’s online EV Hub, https://www.atlasevhub.com/materials/automakers-dashboard/.

Purchase incentives: Rebates for PHEV purchases are excluded from Figure 1 because PHEV sales accounted for about one fifth of total EV sales in 2023 and several states have phased on PHEV rebates. For example, Massachusetts no longer offered a PHEV rebate as of July 2023, New Jersey has not offered a PHEV point-of-sale incentive since January 2023, and Maryland did not qualify PHEVs for an excise tax credit starting in July 2023.

U.S. state clean vehicle standards

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]]> Electric vehicles market monitor for light-duty vehicles: China, Europe, United States, and India, 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/ev-ldv-major-markets-monitor-2023-may24/ Wed, 08 May 2024 17:32:32 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=42122 Global electric vehicle (EV) sales reached over 13 million units in 2023, accounting for more than 15% of new light-duty vehicles (LDVs) sold worldwide. China, Europe, the United States, and India collectively represent around 88% of EVs sold globally.

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]]> Global electric vehicle (EV) sales reached over 13 million units in 2023, accounting for more than 15% of new light-duty vehicles (LDVs) sold worldwide. China, Europe, the United States, and India collectively represent around 88% of EVs sold globally.

China remained the largest EV market with over 7 million units sold, representing 33% of its new LDV sales share. Europe remained stagnant at 21% of sales share and the United States zoomed past 1 million units sold for the first time, reaching 1.4 million at year’s end. India doubled its sales to 100 thousands EVs, reaching 2% of its new LDV sales in 2023.

Figure 1. Light-duty EV sales share, number of EV models for sale, and mix of BEVs and PHEVs in the four markets, 2022 and 2023.1

1We set a minimum threshold of 10 unit sales when counting EV models to exclude models unavailable on the mass market. Particularly for China data, this effectively minimizes data-entry errors in the raw vehicle registration database.

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) dominated sales across all markets in 2023, though market share varied. China saw a decrease in the BEVs share from 78% to 69% accompanied by more plug-in hybrid offerings. In contrast, Europe saw an increase from 60% to 68%. BEVs remained dominant with no change in the BEV sales share in the United States (80%) and India (99%).

In 2023, electric SUV/MPV vehicle models represented the top-selling segment in China (36%), Europe (56%), and the United States (68%) The electric mini/subcompact segment is the top-selling segment in India, and the second most popular segment in China (25% and Europe (14%). The midsize segment came second in the United States with a decreasing share from 28% to 23%.

Figure 4. Market share by vehicle segment in each market, 2022-2023.

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]]> Race to Zero European heavy-duty vehicle market development quarterly (January–December 2023) https://theicct.org/publication/race-to-zero-eu-hdv-market-development-q4-2023-mar24/ Tue, 19 Mar 2024 12:27:53 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=38747  Analyzes manufacturers’ market readiness to develop and deploy zero-emission commercial trucks and buses in Europe.

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Summary

In 2023, 11,000 new zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles were sold in the EU-27—more than double the 5,000 sold in 2022. Zero-emission vehicles were 18% of all buses and coaches sold, 5% of light and medium trucks, and 0.9% of heavy trucks. The majority of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle sales occurred in three countries: Germany (30%), France (15%), and the Netherlands (15%). Portugal experienced the most rapid growth, as sales increased from 4 zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles in 2022 to 400 in 2023; almost all of these were buses, and they were a nearly 4% share of all zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle sales in the EU-27.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, just over 3,300 new zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles were sold in the EU-27—a 19% increase from the third quarter. Of these, 1,700 were buses and coaches, 700 were light and medium trucks, and 900 were heavy trucks. The sales share of zero-emission vehicles in the heavy truck segment exceeded 1% for the first time, up from 0.8% in the third quarter. Shares of zero-emission buses and coaches in total sales of that segment increased from 16% to 22% over the same period, while zero-emission light and medium trucks dipped from 8% to 6%. In France, sales of zero-emission vehicles doubled from 200 units in the third quarter to 460 units in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Heavy trucks

Trucks with a gross vehicle weight above 12 tonnes

In 2023, zero-emission heavy truck sales in the EU-27 were 2,600 (0.9% share of all new heavy trucks sold), an increase of over three-fold from the 820 sold in 2022 (0.3% share). Sales in Germany were the highest and that is where 29% of the zero-emission vehicles were sold; France was home to 21% of sales, half of these in the fourth quarter of 2023. Mercedes-Benz sold the most conventional heavy-trucks of any manufacturer, enough for a 20% share, and sold 12% of the zero-emission heavy trucks sold in 2023. Volvo Trucks sold the most zero-emission heavy trucks, a 42% share, and only 17% of conventional heavy trucks. Renault Trucks, which sold 24% of the zero-emission heavy trucks, manufacturers the most popular model, the Renault 4×2 D cab, of which 200 were sold in 2023.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, heavy trucks were 77% of all heavy-duty vehicle sales. Of the 86,000 heavy trucks sold in the fourth quarter, 920 were zero-emission vehicles, a 1.4% share. Volvo Group, which consists of Volvo Trucks and Renault Trucks, produced 70% of all zero-emission heavy trucks—up from 63% in the third quarter of 2023—while accounting for less than a quarter of conventional vehicle sales.

Light and medium trucks

Trucks with a gross vehicleweight between 3.5 tonnes and 12 tonnes

In 2023, light and medium trucks achieved a 28% growth in sales compared with 2022—the largest year-on-year growth of the three segments. Zero-emission vehicle sales increased by 200%, from 1,000 in 2022 (2.1% share) to 3,100 in 2023 (4.8% share). The leading zero-emission vehicle model was the Ford Otosan E-Transit, which made up 60% of zero-emission vehicle sales this segment in 2023. IVECO and Mercedes-Benz each represented a quarter of the total sales across conventional light and medium trucks but combined only made 7% of the zero-emission vehicles sold. Nearly 1,600 zero-emission vehicles were sold in Germany—a share of over 50% in the segment.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, light and medium trucks were 15% of the 12,000 heavy-duty vehicles sold during this period; 730 of these were zero-emission vehicles, representing a decrease in the zero-emission sales share from 8% in the third quarter to 6% in the fourth quarter of 2023. Ford remained the largest supplier of zero-emission light and medium trucks; 270 Ford E-Transit vehicles were sold in the fourth quarter of 2023, down from 770 in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, 150 Fiat Ducatos were sold.

Buses and coaches

With a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes

In 2023, the EU-27 had a 16% increase in bus and coach sales. Zero-emission buses accounted for 18% of sales in the segment in 2023, a 4% increase over 2022. France had the largest share of all bus and coach sales in the EU-27 in 2023 with 20%, while Germany led in zero-emission bus and coach sales with a 17% share. Manufacturers leading the segment in zero-emission vehicle sales were MAN, Solaris, and Karsan, which each had 12% of sales.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, buses and coaches were 9% of the sales of all heavy-duty vehicles. Of the 7,700 vehicles sold during this time, 1,700 were zero-emission vehicles, a 22% share and a significant increase from the 16% share in the third quarter. The sales share of battery electric city buses increased to 45% in the fourth quarter of 2023, up from 36% in the third and second quarter. MAN and Solaris tied in delivering the greatest share of zero-emission buses in the fourth quarter at 14% of sales each, while capturing 15% and 2%, respectively, of the conventional vehicle market.

Technology focus: Zero-emission vehicle manufacturers by region

Looking beyond quarterly sales

Manufacturers headquartered in the EU-27 have historically been the dominant suppliers of conventional diesel- and natural gas-powered heavy-duty vehicles to the bloc: Between 2013 and 2023, EU-27-based manufacturers produced 98% of the heavy trucks, 80% of light and medium trucks, and 90% of buses sold. With the rising demand for zero-emission powertrains, this market dynamic is beginning to shift and foreign manufacturers are stepping in to supply increasing numbers of vehicles.

The bus segment has seen the fastest rate of growth in zero-emission vehicles. Zero-emission buses surpassed a 1% share of all bus sales for the first time in 2017 and achieved an 18% share in 2023. Over the same period, the share of zero-emission buses produced by manufacturers headquartered in China and sold in the EU-27 increased from 10% to 30%; most of these were sold by BYD and Yutong and, more recently, there have been sales by new entrants such as Guangtong and Zhong Tong.

The light and medium truck segment has seen the most fluctuations of the heavy-duty segments, and few zero-emission models have led the market. The StreetScooter WORK XL, made by the German company StreetScooter, was 22% of zero-emission sales in this segment in 2022, and that fell to 6% in 2023. On the other hand, the E-Transit produced by Ford Otosan in Turkey was60% of all zero-emission light and medium truck sales in 2023, up from 17% in 2022.

The heavy truck segment is the only segment for which nearly all production of zero-emission trucks remains within the EU-27. In 2023, 97% of all zero-emission heavy trucks were manufactured within the bloc, with Volvo Group responsible for over half of those. The heavy truck segment is also the least mature market of the three, and as demand for zero-emission long-haul trucks continues to rise, there may be growing international competition for manufacturers based in the EU-27, threatening their leading position.

Definitions, data sources, methodology, and assumptions
  • A zero-emission vehicle is any vehicle whose propulsion system produces zero combustion emissions, such as a dedicated battery-electric, fuel cell-electric, or other motor that is not driven by combustion.
  • A heavy-duty vehicle is a commercial vehicle, intended for the transport of passengers or freight, with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes.
  • A heavy truck is a truck with a gross vehicle weight above 12 tonnes.
  • A light and medium truck is a truck or van with a gross vehicle weight between 3.5 tonnes and 12 tonnes.
  • A city bus is a passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes that is used exclusively in urban environments.
  • An interurban bus is a passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes that is used in both urban and regional environments.
  • A coach is a passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes that is used exclusively in regional environments.
  • All data for heavy trucks, light and medium trucks, buses and coaches, and the technology focus on zero-emission vehicle manufacturers by region were supplied by his Markit; Copyright © IHS Markit, 2024. The exception is the battery size and chemistries in Figures 1.4 and 2.4, which were derived from manufacturer websites and press releases. All countries in the EU-27, except Bulgaria, are covered here.

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]]> European Market Monitor QuarterlyEuropean car and van market and charging infrastructure development: January–December 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/eu-car-and-van-market-development-quarterly-december23-mar24/ Fri, 01 Mar 2024 17:01:20 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=38134 EU quarterly market monitor for cars and vans offers data on new registrations, charging infrastructure, and estimation of CO2 emission targets compliance by manufacturers.

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Passenger car registrations

New car registrations in Europe increased an average of 13% in 2023, with a 4% increase in the fourth quarter compared with the same period the previous year. Tesla stood out with an 80% increase in registrations in 2023, followed by Volkswagen (+17%). Registrations of Ford (-3%) and Stellantis (+2%) largely stagnated in 2023. The average European market share of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in 2023 was about 15%, with a 17% market share in the fourth quarter, four percentage points higher than the 2022 average. Both Ford (6%) and the Subaru-Suzuki-Toyota pool (2%) continued to lag in shares of BEV registrations.1 The average plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) share remained below 2022 levels in 2023 by about two percentage points. All manufacturers were able to meet their specific CO2 emissions targets for 2023, with an estimated average over-compliance of about 14 g CO2/km.

🔍 Click on the figures to take a closer look at the data

1 Several manufacturing pools have changed since the previous quarter. For further details, see pool definitions at the end of this document.

Passenger car registrations by country

BEV and PHEV market shares averaged 23% in Europe in 2023. Norway (90%), Iceland (61%), Sweden (60%), and Finland (55%) all had shares above 50%, while Denmark (46%), the Netherlands (44%), and Belgium (40%) also had well above average BEV and PHEV market shares for Europe. Among the largest markets, the largest increase in BEV registrations occurred in Belgium, where shares increased 9 percentage points in 2023 compared with 2022. In the Netherlands, new BEV sales reached an all-time high of 35% in the fourth quarter of 2023. Of the major markets, 2023 PHEV registration shares were the highest in Belgium and Sweden (both 21%).

🔍 Click on the figures to take a closer look at the data

Van registrations

Almost 1,470,000 new vans were registered in Europe in 2023, a 15% increase over 2022. Volkswagen (+28%) had the largest gains last year, while Mercedes-Benz van registrations only slightly increased (+4%). On average, battery electric vans represented 8% of new van registrations in 2023, up from 5% in 2022. While most manufacturers had above-average BEV market shares, Ford battery electric van shares averaged only 3% in 2023. The market share of battery electric vans stagnated at 8% in Germany in 2023, while the share in France increased to 7%, up from 5% in 2022. All manufacturers were able to meet their CO2 targets for 2023, with average overcompliance of 2 g CO2/km.

🔍 Click on the figures to take a closer look at the data

Charging infrastructure development

Nearly 700,000 public charging points were installed in Europe by the end of 2023, up from around 650,000 at the end of September. For alternating current (AC) charging, this represents an increase of around 35% compared with the end of 2022. Direct current (DC) charging points showed even greater growth, increasing 61% over the end of 2022. Approximately 84% of Europe’s public charging points supply AC, while the remaining 16% supply DC. In addition to considerable shares of BEV registrations, Denmark also recorded the largest growth in terms of AC chargers in 2023 compared with 2022 (+109%) and the second-largest growth in DC chargers (+134%). Only Belgium (+154%) recorded a greater increase in DC charging points in the same period. There were on average about 4.2 22 kW-equivalent publicly accessible charging points installed per thousand passenger cars and vans on the road at the end of December 2023, up from 3.8 at the end of September. With nearly 31 22 kW-equivalent publicly accessible charging points per thousand passenger cars and vans, Norway continues to lead Europe in charging infrastructure expansion, followed by Iceland (17), the Netherlands (13), Denmark (13), and Sweden (11). Italy (1.9) and Spain (1.7) remain well below the European average.

🔍 Click on the figures to take a closer look at the data

Definitions, data sources, methodology, and assumptions
  • Manufacturer pools: Automakers are allowed to form pools to jointly comply with CO2 targets. For this publication, the definition of pools according to the European Commission’s “M1 pooling list,” version of 7 January 2024, applies (main brands listed here): BMW Group (BMW, Mini), Ford (Ford), Hyundai (Hyundai), Kia (Kia), Mercedes-Benz (Mercedes-Benz, Smart), Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi (Dacia, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Renault), Stellantis (Alfa Romeo, CitroĂ«n, Fiat, Jeep, Lancia, Opel, Peugeot), Subaru-Suzuki-Toyota (Lexus, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota), Tesla (Tesla), Volkswagen (Audi, Cupra, Porsche, SEAT, Ć koda, VW), and Volvo (Volvo). For light commercial vehicles, the “N1 pooling list,” version of 7 January 2024, applies: Ford (Ford), Mercedes-Benz (Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi Fuso), Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi (Mitsubishi, Nissan, Renault), Stellantis (CitroĂ«n, Fiat, Opel, Peugeot), Volkswagen (MAN, Volkswagen).
  • Abbreviations: AC = alternating current; CO2 = carbon dioxide emissions; DC = direct current; g/km = grams per kilometer; N/A = not available; YTD = year to date.
  • Technical scope: This publication focuses on new passenger car and light commercial vehicle registrations. Electric vehicles here include battery electric (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV).
  • Geographic scope: The European CO2 regulation for vehicle manufacturers applies to all countries of the European Economic Area (EEA). This includes the 27 Member States of the European Union plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. Data for new car and van registrations and shares of electric vehicles in this publication cover all of these countries, with the exception of Bulgaria, Liechtenstein, and Malta. Data for CO2 emission levels additionally omit Hungary, Lithuania (until January 2021), Poland (until April 2020), and Romania (together less than 10% of the total market). Charging infrastructure data are presented for the 27 EU members plus the four European Free Trade Association countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland).
  • Data sources: Dataforce (new vehicle registrations), Eco-Movement (charging points).
  • Results may change over time: Registrations and/or CO2 data may be retrospectively updated by some of the national type-approval authorities. Similarly, charging infrastructure data may also be retrospectively updated by Eco-Movement. Historical values are regularly updated to reflect all latest data available.
  • Test procedures: CO2 values are provided according to the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP).
  • Flexible compliance mechanisms: To facilitate meeting their CO2 targets, manufacturers can make use of a number of compliance mechanisms. Manufacturers can reduce their CO2 level by up to 7 g/km by deploying eco-innovation technologies. To incentivize eco-innovations, CO2 savings from eco-innovations per passenger car and light commercial vehicle are amplified by multipliers in the years 2021, 2022, and 2023. For 2023, the multiplier is set to 1.5. As a conservative estimate, we apply the 2022 level of eco-innovation CO2 emission reductions per manufacturer. For more on the methodology used see: Uwe Tietge, Peter Mock, and Jan Dornoff, Overview and evaluation of eco-innovations in European passenger car CO2 standards, (ICCT: Washington, DC, 2018), https://theicct.org/publications/eco-innovations-european-passenger-car-co2-standards.
  • Mass-based targets: For each manufacturer pool, a specific 2023 CO2 target value applies, depending on the average mass of the new vehicles registered. For this publication, we assume the average mass per manufacturer pool to remain constant with respect to the market situation in 2022. For more on the methodology used see: Jan Dornoff, VĂ­ctor Valverde, and Uwe Tietge, CO2 emissions from new passenger cars in Europe: Car manufacturers’ performance in 2022, (ICCT: Washington, DC, 2024), https://theicct.org/publication/co2-emissions-new-pv-europe-car-manufacturers-performance-2022-feb24/.
  • Charging point: As defined in the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation, a charging point “means a fixed or mobile interface that allows for the transfer of electricity to an electric vehicle, which, whilst it may have one or several connectors to accommodate different connector types, is capable of recharging only one electric vehicle at a time, and excludes devices with a power output less than or equal to 3.7 kW the primary purpose of which is not recharging electric vehicles.”

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]]> European heavy-duty vehicle market development quarterly: January – September 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/eu-hdv-market-development-quarterly-september23-jan24/ Mon, 29 Jan 2024 23:01:15 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=36461 A detailed analysis of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle sales in the EU-27 from January to September 2023, highlighting key trends and market shares among different vehicle types and manufacturers, while also exploring the emerging technology focus on electrified road systems.

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European heavy-duty vehicle market development quarterly: January – September 2023 (final v2) by The International Council on Clean Transportation on Scribd

This publication was updated on February 15, 2024, to include additional electrified road system projects.

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]]> European heavy-duty vehicle market development quarterly: January – June https://theicct.org/publication/eu-hdv-market-monitor-q1-2-jan24/ Mon, 22 Jan 2024 22:00:32 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=35433 Snapshot of the conventional and electric vehicle market in the European Union.

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]]> Electric vehicles market monitor for light-duty vehicles: China, Europe, United States, and India, 2023 H1 https://theicct.org/publication/ev-ldv-major-markets-monitor-2023h1-jan24/ Mon, 22 Jan 2024 04:01:04 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=35910 This EV major market monitor is a biannual briefing that analyzes the electric vehicle (EV) market development and fleet carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions trends of manufacturers of light-duty vehicles (LDVs) in China, Europe, the United States, and India. This edition of the briefing covers the first half of 2023.

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]]> In the global market, the sales of light-duty EVs reached around 6 million in the first half of 2023 (2023 H1), representing nearly 14% of new LDVs sold worldwide. The briefing provides an analysis of the electric vehicle (EV) market development and fleet carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions trends in 2023 H1, focusing on the major markets for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) (China, Europe, the United States, and India), which collectively accounted for approximately 63% of global LDV sales in that period.

Most global EV sales, approximately 80%, were concentrated in those four largest markets. China remained the world’s largest EV market, with approximately 3 million EVs sold in 2023 H1, constituting 29% of all new LDVs sold in the country, marking a 5 percentage point increase from the previous year. Europe saw EVs accounting for 20% of new LDVs sold in 2023 H1, a slight decrease from 2022. The United States experienced an increase in EV market share, reaching 9% in 2023 H1, up from 7% in 2022. India’s EV market also grew, but it lagged behind the other major markets with a 2% market share in 2023 H1.

Figure 1. Light-duty EV market share, number of EV models for sale, and technology mix in the four regions, 2022 and 2023 H1.

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]]> Market Monitor European Vehicle Market and Charging Infrastructure Development Quarterly: January–September 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/eu-ldv-market-monitor-q1-4-dec23/ Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:24:31 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=34158 Snapshot of the conventional and electric vehicle market in the European Union.

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